I think one of many reasons that the Finnish speaks to me in scripture is that while the text is, for the
most part, more formal Finnish than you’d hear in casual conversation, it is still
modern Finnish. Written Finnish is
relatively new, historically speaking, while the English of the Book of Mormon
is more like the King James Bible, which was published some 400 years ago, so
the language and sentence structure is more in line with what you’d find in a
Shakespeare play.
Add to that the fact of words’ meanings changing even in the last 200 years, and you’ve got a situation where
the English won’t necessarily be as clear or powerful to the 21st
century reader.
Finnish as a language tends to be direct and to the point. Some would call it blunt. Combine that clarity
with modern language, and for me, that equates greater understanding.
One small example: When I first began reading the Book of Mormon in Finnish, I was surprised at how often
a verse began with the word “katso” (“look”). Then I glanced at the English and realized that “behold” was in the English at those same spots.
And yes, “behold” does means “look,” but I’d never thought of it as an instruction. I’d seen the old-fashioned English
word so many times that it had become almost invisible, a transition word that really didn’t mean anything.
Now, “behold” means something different to me: that the writer wants the reader to pay attention, and they’re
saying something important. “Look!”
A caveat: I am not an expert in Finnish. While I attended public school in Helsinki for three years and became pretty fluent, that was over 30 years ago, and only in the last year or so have I really be studying to reclaim the language. The translations and notes below are my personal understanding. A native, or anyone with a better handle on the language, might disagree with my interpretations.
A caveat: I am not an expert in Finnish. While I attended public school in Helsinki for three years and became pretty fluent, that was over 30 years ago, and only in the last year or so have I really be studying to reclaim the language. The translations and notes below are my personal understanding. A native, or anyone with a better handle on the language, might disagree with my interpretations.
Moroni 7
The passage I quoted in the social media post is near the end of the Book of Mormon, written by Mormon’s son,
Moroni. Some of the wording mirrors what Paul taught in 1 Corinthians 13:4–10.
We’ll be looking at the English and Finnish of Moroni Chapter 7, verses 44–48.
Verse 44
In English:
If so, his faith and hope is vain, for none is acceptable
before God, save the meek and lowly in heart; and if a man be meek and lowly in
heart, and confesses by the power of the Holy Ghost that Jesus is the Christ,
he must needs have charity; for if he have not charity he is nothing; wherefore
he must needs have charity.
Breaking it down: English first, Finnish next, then my alternate translations/notes:
If so, his faith and hope is vain, for none is acceptable
before God,
Muuten hänen uskonsa ja toivonsa on turhaa, sillä kukaan ei ole otollinen Jumalan edessä,
“None is” is translated as “kukaan ei ole” (“no one is”), which makes
perfect sense. Moroni is clearly talking about people, not things. To me, “no one” sounds more personal than
“Acceptable” is translated at “otollinen,” which also means “favorable.”
Before God
Jumalan edessä
The Finnish feels like we’re talking about being physically in front of God, facing him on His throne—again,
it feels personal. Literally, it’s almost “in God’s front.” It implies a close physical proximity. The English certainly can mean the same thing, but the same English phrase could also refer to God’s view or opinion about someone.
To me, this section says that only those who are capable of withstanding God’s glory will be able to stand in
front of Him. If we aren’t found “favorable,” we won’t be there.
Up next, we learn the qualities of those who will be able to stand in front of God:
save the meek and lowly in heart;
paitsi sydämeltään sävyisät ja nöyrät;
(Except for those into whose hearts are mild/tame/even-tempered and meek/humble)
The Finnish flips the phrasing, putting the heart (sydän) first instead of last and conjugating the word
as roughly “into the heart,” specifically referring to a singular third person (he/she). Finnish has one third person pronoun, “hän,” and all singular third person endings are the same, so this could refer to any individual.
That gender-neutral pronoun, “hän,” is similar to “one” in English, except that it’s used in everyday conversation,
which, of course, “one” isn’t.
The verse so far says to me that those who can stand before God are those who bring into their hearts the
qualities of being mild, meek, and humble.
and if a man be meek and lowly in heart,
ja jos ihminen on sydämeltään sävyisä ja nöyrä
(And if a person takes into their hearts mildness and meekness)
No matter how often you remember that “man” in scripture refers to all human beings, it’s a nice reminder when it's translated as “a person” (“ihminen”).
Then we return to the third person singular individual: if a person has the qualities of mildness, meekness, and humility in their heart . . .
and confesses by the power of the Holy Ghost that Jesus is
the Christ,
ja tunnustaa Pyhän Hengen voimasta, että Jeesus on Kristus,
(And acknowledges, with the Holy Spirit’s power, that Jesus is the Christ,)
The Finnish word for “confess” is “tunnustaa,” which, yes, does mean “confess.” But it can also mean “acknowledge” or “recognize.”
I suppose, “confess” can mean those things in English, too, but I hadn’t thought of the word in those terms. To me, “confess” has some baggage in English, making that statement feel forced or somehow shameful on the part of the person saying it.
“Tunnustaa” is also related to “tuntua,” which means “feel.” So individuals will not only be acknowledging Jesus, but they will also feel that He is their Christ.
Another element here is how English does a weird thing with the word “of.” So often, we lose the concept of ownership and instead just have two things that are closely related. In this case, “the power of the Holy Ghost” puts Spirit at a distance for me, as if the power is something out in the universe somewhere in an unknown nebula or something.
However, saying, as it does in Finnish, “the Holy Ghost’s power” suddenly makes me picture something new and different, something more, well, powerful. Many languages use the regular possessive in situations like this (for example, The Book of Mormon is translated as Mormon’s Book). In cases like this, I prefer that construction.
Let’s combine the two concepts (first, acknowledging Christ and second, doing so with Holy Ghost’s power): In Finnish,
I get the sense that acknowledging Christ is something that takes strength. Perhaps this means actually seeing Him, being in His presence, as we acknowledge that he is our personal Savior.
In that case, it would make sense that we’d need heavenly power, that from the Holy Ghost, to withstand Christ’s glory
to make such an acknowledgment.
he must needs have charity; for if he have not charity he is
nothing; wherefore he must needs have charity.
hänellä täytyy olla rakkautta, sillä ellei hänellä ole rakkautta, hän ei ole mitään; niinpä hänellä täytyy olla rakkautta.
(He must have love, for if he/she doesn’t have love, he/she is nothing; he/she needs to have love.)
The archaic English gets in the way here. Sure, we know that “he must needs have” means “he must have,” but having it stated so clearly in Finnish is a good reminder.
Also, remember that it’s not “he” in Finnish. It’s “hän” which can refer to any individual. We must all have charity.
The word “charity” in English, as we saw with “confess,” carries baggage that I don’t think was intended. In
Finnish, it’s translated simply as “love.” It’s the same word you’d use when talking about a parent or child or your best friend, so it means a lot more than doing a big service project for people in another country. It’s caring for those directly in your sphere and loving them all in word and deed.
I love how “wherefore” is translated. It could have been simply “niin,” but instead, it’s “niinpä.” Those
extra two letters (–pä) add urgency and emphasis to what comes next, almost saying, “No, really, you must have
love. It’s a requirement. That’s just the way it is.”
Verse 45
Here’s where we get into the direct parallels with 1 Corinthians: defining and describing charity. Again, in
Finnish, the word used is simply “love.”
And that fits for Latter-day Saints, because we believe that charity is the pure love of Christ—a definition
that comes from this passage in a bit. To me, swapping “charity” out and adding “love” helps emphasize that meaning.
Also note that each time something is listed as a characteristic that charity/love is not, the Finnish adds another emphasizing syllable. “Not” could be just “ei” here, but it’s “eikä,” making it
roughly “also not” and with a “really, it’s not” sense.
I’m going to break this verse down phrase by phrase, with the English on top, the Finnish beneath, and my
translation of the Finnish in parentheses after that, along with any other notes or thoughts.
And charity suffereth long
Ja rakkaus on pitkämielinen
(And love is long-minded)
and is kind
ja lempeä
(and kind/gentle)
and envieth not
eikä kadehdi
(doesn’t envy)
and is not puffed up
eikä pöyhkeile
(isn’t arrogant)
seeketh not her own
ei etsi omaansa
(doesn’t seek for his/her own)
This is another verse where the archaic English stands in the way of an otherwise clear meaning. The imagery of actively searching something out comes across clearer to me in the Finnish.
is not easily provoked
ei vihastu helposti
(doesn’t get angry easily)
thinketh no evil
ei ajattele pahaa
(doesn’t think bad things/of badness)
and rejoiceth not in iniquity
eikä iloitse vääryydestä
(doesn’t rejoice in unrighteousness)
but rejoiceth in the truth
vaan iloitsee totuudesta
(only rejoices in the truth)
beareth all things
kaiken se kestää
(everything, it endures)
The word “kestää” doesn’t have a simple English translation. It definitely means “endure,” but it means much more than that. When you “kestää,” you are holding on. You have strength.
Inanimate things can “kestää” (or not), too. If you’re walking over icy snow, and then suddenly it breaks and
your boot goes through, the snow didn’t “kestää” under your weight. So “kestää” implies a strength and resilience that “endure” doesn’t.
believeth all things
kaiken se uskoo
(everything, it believes)
hopeth all things
kaiken se toivoo
(everything, it hopes for)
endureth all things
kaiken se kärsii
(everything, it endures/suffers)
“Kärsii” implies pain, so while it does mean “endure,” it’s a different kind of endurance than the kind implied by “bearing” all things.
Verse 46
Wherefore, my beloved brethren,
Jos siis, rakkaat veljeni
(If so, my beloved brothers)
if ye have not charity, ye are nothing,
teillä ei ole rakkautta, te ette ole mitään,
(you don’t have love, you are nothing)
for charity never faileth.
sillä rakkaus ei koskaan katoa.
(for love doesn’t ever vanish/disappear)
This is one of my favorite parts. The LDS women’s organization, Relief Society, has “Charity never
faileth” as its motto, which took on much greater meaning for me when I thought of it as “Love never vanishes/disappears.”
Wherefore, cleave unto charity,
Pitäkää sen vuoksi kiinni rakkaudesta,
(Hold on tight because of that to love)
which is the greatest of all,
joka on suurin kaikista,
(which is the greatest of all)
for all things must fail—
sillä kaiken täytyy kadota—
(for everything must vanish/disappear)
An interesting note: 1 Corinthians 13:8 in the King James Version of the Bible reads like this (emphasis mine):
Charity never faileth: but whether there be prophecies, they shall fail; whether there be tongues, they shall cease; whether there be knowledge, it shall vanish away.
Where in English we have “faileth” and
“vanish away,” Finnish uses the same word: “katoa,” meaning “vanish away.”
Love from God will never leave you alone. It will never disappear.
Verse 47
But charity is the pure love of Christ,
mutta aito rakkaus on Kristuksen puhdasta rakkautta,
(but authentic love is Christ’s clean/unpolluted/innocent love)
How cool is this one? This is the one time that the English “charity” isn’t translated directly as “love.” I imagine that’s because the next needs to be more specific; it’s distinguishing types of love.
And real, genuine, authentic love is Christ’s love. Christ’s love is clean and pure and innocent.
and it endureth forever
ja se kestää ikuisesti
(and it endures/lasts/holds on with strength eternally)
Remember what I said about “kestää”? We see it again here, and it means so much more than enduring with gritted teeth.
and whoso is found possessed of it at the last day,
ja kenellä sitä havaitaan olevan viimeisenä päivänä,
(And whoever is detected to have it on the last day)
it shall be well with him.
hänen käy hyvin.
(He/she will be well/good/fine.)
Verse 48
Wherefore, my beloved brethren, pray unto the Father with
all the energy of heart,
Rukoilkaa siis, rakkaat veljeni, Isää koko sydämen voimalla,
(Pray then, my beloved brothers, to Father with your all of the heart’s power.)
Note that the -kaa added to the first word (“rukoila,” meaning “pray”) is another intensifier, making it an
important instruction.
that ye may be filled with this love,
että täyttyisitte tällä rakkaudella,
(that you may be filled with this love)
which he hath bestowed upon all who are true followers of
his Son, Jesus Christ;
jonka hän on suonut kaikille Poikansa Jeesuksen Kristuksen tosi seuraajille;
(which he has bestowed to all His Son’s, Jesus Christ’s, followers)
that ye may become the sons of God;
että teistä tulisi Jumalan lapsia;
(that you may become God’s children)
Again with the possessive “of.” For me, if a sentence is put into regular possessive, it’s more powerful. I can
become one of God’s children. Wow.
Also note that the Finnish says we may become God’s children.
Not just sons.
that when he shall appear we shall be like him,
että me hänen ilmestyessään olisimme hänen kaltaisiaan
(that we, when he appears/is revealed, may be what in his likeness)
WOW AGAIN. We can be like Him when He appears! The Finnish “ilmestyessään” is more active, and can also mean “when he is revealed” Much more powerful for me. than merely appearing.
for we shall see him as he is;
sillä me saamme nähdä hänet sellaisena kuin hän on;
(for we’ll be able to see him in the way that he is)
Hard to explain why the Finnish affects me so much on this one, but it does; the idea that we’ll be able to see God as He actually is amazing—and it’s a reminder that our tiny mortal brains have no clue what God is really like. That whatever mortal blinders we’ve lived with will be removed, and we’ll be able to see eternity and God as they really are.
that we may have this hope;
että meillä olisi tämä toivo;
(that we may have this hope)
that we may be purified even as he is pure.
että meidät puhdistettaisiin niin kuin hän on puhdas.
(That we may be cleansed as he is clean)
Amen.
Aamen.
~~~
Now for something rather vulnerable. (As if discussing my faith weren't already!) For anyone wanting to see the whole thing altogether, hear it, and/or follow along: Below is the full Finnish text of this passage as well as a recording of me reading the passage in Finnish.
44 Muuten hänen uskonsa ja toivonsa on turhaa, sillä kukaan ei ole otollinen Jumalan edessä, paitsi sydämeltään sävyisät ja nöyrät; ja jos ihminen on sydämeltään sävyisä ja nöyrä ja tunnustaa Pyhän Hengen voimasta, että Jeesus on Kristus, hänellä täytyy olla rakkautta, sillä ellei hänellä ole rakkautta, hän ei ole mitään;
niinpä hänellä täytyy olla rakkautta.
45 Ja rakkaus on pitkämielinen ja lempeä eikä kadehdi eikä pöyhkeile, ei etsi omaansa, ei vihastu helposti, ei ajattele pahaa eikä iloitse vääryydestä vaan iloitsee totuudesta, kaiken se kestää, kaiken se uskoo, kaiken se toivoo, kaiken se kärsii.
46 Jos siis, rakkaat veljeni, teillä ei ole rakkautta, te ette ole mitään, sillä rakkaus ei koskaan katoa. Pitäkää sen vuoksi kiinni rakkaudesta, joka on suurin kaikista, sillä kaiken täytyy kadota—
47 mutta aito rakkaus on Kristuksen puhdasta rakkautta, ja se kestää ikuisesti; ja kenellä sitä havaitaan olevan viimeisenä päivänä, hänen käy hyvin.
48 Rukoilkaa siis, rakkaat veljeni, Isää koko sydämen voimalla, että täyttyisitte tällä rakkaudella, jonka hän on suonut kaikille Poikansa Jeesuksen Kristuksen tosi seuraajille; että teistä tulisi Jumalan lapsia; että me hänen ilmestyessään olisimme hänen kaltaisiaan, sillä me saamme nähdä hänet sellaisena kuin hän on; että meillä olisi tämä toivo; että meidät puhdistettaisiin niin kuin hän on puhdas. Aamen.
